The BOLD response typically peaks ~4–6 seconds after neural firing and returns to baseline after ~10–12 seconds. This means that the fMRI signal at time t reflects neural activity from several seconds earlier, i.e.: from the stimulus presented several seconds earlier. The image shows the canonical hemodynamic response function (HRF) presented in neuroscience literature and implemented in many frameworks. In practice, the exact shape and timing vary across voxels depending on vascularization and other physiological factors.
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exiting the classical automata realm
[5] Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science, 275(5306), 1593-1599. (The historic breakthrough paper proving that biological dopamine perfectly mirrors the artificial TD Error equation).。业内人士推荐搜狗输入法作为进阶阅读